In this case, both numbers share a 7, so divide this out. An electron can spin in only one of two directions sometimes called up and down. The present lecture notes contain material for a 5 credit points course in elementary number theory. Slide 2 index numbers a price index is a single figure that shows how a whole set of prices have changed. The series available are generally an imperfect and incomplete representation of the whole field. This booklet is typed based on professor barry colys lecture notes for abiz 7940 production economics in winter 2008.
Complex analysis lecture notes uc davis mathematics. Index numbers, index numbers statistics, index numbers. What is the population index of british columbia compared to ontario. Unitv index numbers, time series and forecasting example. The time period that serves as a basis for the comparison is called the base period and the period that is compared to the base period is called the given or current period.
Index numbers are also differentiated according to the number of commodities or products included in the comparison. Erwin diewert university of british columbia and the university of new south wales. Fall 2018 statistics 201a introduction to probability at. These two numbers, mean and variance or standard deviation, are useful for a particular case. Numbers in the real world lecture notes math 1030 section d section d. Index numbers measure the value of an item or group of items at a particular point in. Index numbers is a statistical tool for measuring relative change in a group of. Concept of population and sample with illustration, methods of sampling srswr, srswor, stratified, systematic. Notes on price measurement august 12, 2012 international. If we look at one characteristic only, we will talk about simple indices. Kuala lumpur composite index emas index quality air index air pollution index consumer price index. Index numbers, index numbers statistics, index numbers economics. Index numbers are actually percentages because they are based on the number 100.
Index numbers index numbers are meant to illustrate changes in time of the value of a certain characteristic or characteristics. Chapters of these notes apply to situations where complete price and quantity. In this paragraph, a price index pp0,p1,q0,q1 along with the corresponding quantity index or volume index qp0,p1,q0,q1 is defined as two. Quantity index numbers, business mathematics and statistics b. King has defined statistics in a wider context, the science of statistics is the method of judging collective, natural or social phenomena from the results obtained by the analysis or. These notes are based on a course of lectures given by prof. Specifies the orientation of the spin axis of an electron. Introduction to index numbers class 11 notes edurev. Pdf irving fisher and index number theory researchgate. The current base period for the consumer price index is 1992 100, changed from 1986 100 in january 1998. Apr 05, 20 how to work with index numbers, chain base index numbers and weighted index numbers.
The chapter on complex numbers from the 222 notes above. Index numbers definitions an index number is a percentage ratio of prices, quantities or values comparing two time periods or two points in time. Find materials for this course in the pages linked along the left. Fall 2018 statistics 201a introduction to probability at an. A simple index, also known as a relative, is a comparison involving only one item but an index whose calculation is based on several items is known as an aggregate or composite index. Basic index number theory 371 approaches are also possible. Sutherland 11 index calculus, smooth numbers, and factoring integers having considered a variety of generic algorithms for the discrete logarithm problem, we now want to consider a nongeneric algorithm based on a technique known as index calculus. Cs170 lecture notes internal representation of files. Voeller 1976, theory of the price index, lecture notes in. Of index numbers index numbers are names after the activity they measure.
An index of production is subject to the familiar limitations of all index numbers. These notes were prepared by joseph lee, a student in the class, in collaboration with prof. This was conjectured by goldbach in 1746 and still not proved, though it has been veri ed for numbers up to 4 1018. Lecture notes analytic number theory mathematics mit. Indexing given a family of sets f, it is often convenient to associate to each set in the family a label called an index, which need not be related in any way to the elements of the set. In vdeo lectures, we took the same quantities each year 2008, 2009, 2010 sugar 15.
Learn how useful this statistical number is in the real world. The index represents an average of 46 different measures of. King has defined statistics in a wider context, the science of statistics is the method of judging collective, natural or social phenomena from the. In particular, the responsibility for any errors is mine. The lecture notes were recorded by joe sawada, with such care that only a minimal. Pdf there are four main approaches to bilateral index number theory. An introduction to multilateral index number theory w. Homework questions are included in the notes please see the assignments page to find out when they were assigned. Based on the talks presented at the international workshop on stochastic orders in reliability and risk. Ncert notes for class 11 chapter index numbers download pdf. So if the current index number is 180, it means that prices have. Some of his famous problems were on number theory, and have also been. Meaning and definition of statistics, scope of statistics in economics, management, science and industry. The free lecture notes page department of mathematics.
These lecture notes are the only required reading for the course. In this section, index numbers are used to compare a value of a time series relative to another value of a time series. There are many kinds of index numbers, including price indices, quantity indexes, value indexes, and sociological indexes. Watch this video lesson to learn what index numbers are.
Index numbers index numbers allow relative comparisons over time index numbers are reported relative to a base period index base period index 100 by definition used for an individual item or measurement. An introduction to statistical data analysis summer 2014. Index numbers are intended to measure the degree of economic changes over time. Index calculus, smooth numbers, factoring integers pdf 18. The population of the canadian province of british columbia in 2004 was 4,196,400 and for ontario it was 12,392,700. Business statistics free educational notes, video lectures. Erwin diewert university of british columbia and the university of new south wales email. Index numbers are important in economic statistics.
In simple terms, an index or index number is a number displaying the level of a variable relative to its level set equal to 100 in a. Index numbers is a statistical tool for measuring relative change in a group of related variables over two or more different times. Fall 2018 statistics 201a introduction to probability at an advanced level all lecture notes aditya guntuboyina november 19, 2019 contents. This introductory lecture will focus on basic ideas about coordinates and coordinate transformations, vectors and vector algebra, and some simple equations for lines, circles, spheres, and more. The pauli exclusion principle wolfgang pauli, nobel prize 1945 states thatno two electrons in the same atom can have identical values for all four of their quantum numbers. Most business and economic indexes are computed to the nearest whole. Introduction to number theory lecture notes 2018 3 2is every even number greater than 2 expressible as the sum of two primes.
In lecture notes for the example 3 the quantities are different for each year 2008 sugar 15, 2009 sugar 18, 2010 sugar 20. Logically, the index numbers for 2001 using the three different bases are not the same. A simple index, also known as a relative, is a comparison involving only one item but an index whose calculation is based on several items is known. An index number is an economic data figure reflecting price or quantity compared with a standard or base value. How to work with index numbers, chain base index numbers and weighted index numbers. Numbers in the real world lecture notes math 1030 section d making comparisons with index numbers ex. Consider the family f of halfopen intervals of real numbers, 0,r. An introduction to multilateral index number theory. Lecture notes principles of global positioning systems. In fact, it is typical statistical agency practice to pick a basket that pertains to an entire year or. Write a parenthetical citation for lecture notes by placing in parentheses the authors last name, year and any information that will help readers find the passage being quoted or paraphrased. Indices any expression written as an is defined as the variable a raised to the power of the number n n is called a power, an index or an exponent of. We could introduce indexing by defining a r 0,r and then referring to f by f a r. Statistics is the science of estimates and probabilities.
Construction of price index numbers formula and examples 5. This index number compares current prices of goods to the prices the goods were back in 1982. Instead of choosing the basket of period 0 or 1 or an average of these two baskets, it is possible to choose a basket that pertains to an entirely different period, say, period b. Index calculus, smooth numbers, and factoring integers pdf 18. Studies in methods series f index numbers of industrial. Basic index number theory international monetary fund. This section provides the schedule of lecture topics for the course along with the lecture notes from each session.
Lecture notes on distributions without locally convex spaces, very basic functional analysis, l p spaces, sobolev spaces, bounded operators, spectral theory for compact selfadjoint operators, the fourier transform. Mathematical statistics 20182019 additional lecture. Its meaning is divided into two forms in plural form and in singular form. Pdf 256kb math 725 second semester graduate real analysis. Index numbers are intended to study the change in the effects of such factors which cannot be measured directly. Measure changes in price over a specified period of. How to cite lecture notes in apa style pen and the pad. You will also see some index numbers that we use and probably hear every day.
If the lecture notes use page numbers use the abbreviation p. Gowers in part ia of the mathematicalriptos at the university of cambridge in the academic year 2004 2005. Unitv index numbers, time series and forecasting index numbers. The value of money does not remain constant over time. Index numbers theory and the practice of compiling economic statistics such as. Khurshid ahmad mir, associate professor department of statistics, govt. These numbers are values stated as a percentage of a single base figure. High school mathematics, familiarity with proofs by mathematical induction and with the. The formal prerequisites for the material are minimal. Difficulties in measuring changes in value of money 6. Gowers and should not be regarded as o cial notes for the course.